How A Trademark Is Registered

This guide explores what trademarks are, how they can do good you lot and your organization, and why registration is of import.

On this folio

Understanding trademarks
Filing a trademark awarding
Registering a trademark outside Canada
Expungement of a trademark registration
Renewal fee
Use in Canada (section 45 proceedings)
Transfers
Marking requirements
Policing your trademark
Common errors
Instance of a trademark application
Additional Information

1. Understanding trademarks

To succeed in the business world, you need to send the right message and develop the right prototype. If people cannot pick your products or services out from the crowd, they might work with another person or company that is easier for them to detect.

In fact, some brand names that got famous in the 1920s for being reliable and high quality are nevertheless leaders today. That is because the public likes what it knows and trusts. Companies spend millions of dollars taking intendance of their corporate epitome.

A registered trademark is one way to protect your corporate image. Registering your trademark gives you lot legal title to it the way a human activity gives yous title to a piece of real estate.

What is a trademark? A trademark is a sign or combination of signs used or proposed to be used by a person to distinguish their appurtenances or services from those of others.

Over time, trademarks come to correspond non but the actual appurtenances or services a person or company provides, but also the reputation of the producer. Trademarks are very valuable intellectual holding.

In that location are several types of trademarks:

An ordinary trademark includes words, designs, tastes, textures, moving images, mode of packaging, holograms, sounds, scents, three-dimensional shapes, colours, or a combination of these used to distinguish the goods or services of ane person or system from those of others. For example, suppose yous started a courier business that yous chose to call Giddy-upward. You could register these words as a trademark (if you met all the legal requirements) for the service that you offer.
A certification mark can be licensed to many people or companies for the purpose of showing that certain goods or services meet a divers standard. For instance, the Woolmark design, owned by Woolmark Americas Ltd., is used on clothing and other appurtenances.

People occasionally confuse trademarks with patents, copyrights, industrial designs and integrated circuit topographies. Like trademarks, these others are forms of intellectual belongings. However, there are important differences:

Trademarks may be ane or a combination of words, sounds, designs, tastes, colours, textures, scents, moving images, three-dimensional shapes, modes of packaging or holograms, used to distinguish the goods or services of one person or arrangement from those of others.
Patents cover new and useful inventions (product, composition, machine, procedure) or any new and useful improvement to an existing invention.
Copyright provides protection for literary, creative, dramatic or musical works (including calculator programs) and other subject-thing known equally performer's performances, sound recordings and communication signals.
Industrial designs are the visual features of shape, configuration, design or ornament, or any combination of these features applied to a finished article.
Integrated excursion topographies are the three-dimensional configurations of electronic circuits embodied in integrated circuit products or layout designs.

Merchandise proper noun vs. trademark

A trade proper name is the name of your business. A trade name can be registered nether the Trademarks Human activity only if information technology is also used as a trademark; that is, if information technology is used to identify appurtenances or services.

For example, let united states of america suppose that you ain an water ice cream business and that your visitor is called "A.B.C. Ltd.".

Example 1: People know your ice foam under the name "A.B.C. Ltd." because yous use this proper name equally a trademark that yous place on your water ice cream. You can therefore apply to register the merchandise name "A.B.C. Ltd." every bit a trademark.

Instance 2: People know your ice cream by the name "North Pole", which is what you utilize to promote your product. Even though the name of your company is "A.B.C. Ltd," no i thinks of that name when they recollect of what you sell. In that case, the proper name "A.B.C. Ltd." is not being used as a trademark but rather equally a trade name.

Note: A trademark registration may be cancelled if someone else in Canada has made apply of a similar merchandise name or trademark in the by.

Registered trademark vs. unregistered trademark

When you register your trademark, you go the sole right to apply the marking beyond Canada for 10 years. You can renew your trademark every 10 years after that.

A registered trademark is one that has been entered in the Annals of Trademarks. The document of registration is straight prove that you own the trademark.

You exercise not have to register your trademark; past using a trademark for a certain length of fourth dimension, you lot may have rights under mutual law. Notwithstanding, if yous utilize an unregistered trademark and finish up in a dispute, you lot could be looking at a long, expensive legal battle over who has the right to use it. If you fail to actually use the mark for a long fourth dimension, your registration may be taken off of the Register of Trademarks, which will go far more difficult to testify legal ownership of the trademark.

Read about how to register trademarks outside of Canada later in this Guide.

What you can and cannot register as a trademark

What yous can annals

You tin can register whatsoever trademark that does non contravene the Trademarks Deed. For more detailed information, see the Trademarks Human activity.

What y'all can't register

Trademarks that are generally unregistrable include the post-obit:

Names and surnames

A trademark may not exist registered if it is nothing more than a name or surname.

An exception is if you tin can show that your goods or services have become well known under the name or surname so that the give-and-take has acquired a second meaning in the public mind.

Clearly descriptive marks

You may non register a trademark that clearly describes a feature or quality of your goods or services.

For example, the words "sweet" for ice cream, "juicy" for apples, and "perfectly make clean" for dry-cleaner services could not be registered as trademarks. All apples could be described equally "juicy" and all ice cream every bit "sweetness"; these are natural characteristics of the items. If you were allowed to register these words, no other apple sellers or ice cream vendors could use them to promote their appurtenances, and that would be unfair. But, again, if you can establish that "Sweet Water ice Cream" has become then well known that people will immediately recollect of your product (and no one else's) when they read or hear these words, you may be allowed to annals the trademark.

Deceptively misdescriptive marks

You cannot register a trademark that is deceptively misleading. For example, you could non register "cane carbohydrate" for candy sweetened with artificial sweetener or "air express" for a courier service that uses basis transportation.

Place of origin

Yous may not register a trademark that describes the geographical location where the goods or services come from. Allowing you to utilise such identify names as your trademark would mean you are the only one who can use the geographical identify name, and that would be unfair to others who trade in that place. For example, you could non register "Italian republic" for lasagna.

Also, yous may not register a give-and-take that misleads the public into thinking that the appurtenances or services come from a certain place when they practice not. For example, you lot could not register "Paris Fashions" or "Denmark Furniture" as a trademark for appurtenances or services if they did not come from there.

Words in other languages

You may non register trademarks that are the name, in any language, of the goods or services associated with your trademark. For case, you lot would not be able to annals the word "gelato" (Italian for "ice cream") in association with frozen confections; "anorak" (Inuktitut for "parka") in clan with outerwear; or "wurst" (German for "sausage") in association with meat.

Disruptive with a registered or pending trademark

Beware of trademarks that are like to another trademark that is registered or is the subject of a previously-filed application. If your trademark is confusingly similar to a registered trademark or a pending trademark, it will be refused.

Trademark examiners wait at many things when they decide whether trademarks are confusing, including:

whether the trademarks look or sound alike and whether they suggest similar ideas
whether the trademarks are used to market similar appurtenances or services

Let'due south go dorsum to the case of "Due north Pole" ice foam. Suppose another company were manufacturing and selling frozen-water products under the registered trademark "South Pole." The public could easily retrieve that "N Pole" and "South Pole" products are made and sold past the aforementioned company, and may expect that the trademarks would be endemic by the same organization. That could mean your awarding to annals "North Pole" would be turned downwards because it could cause confusion with the registered marking "Due south Pole," which is owned past another company.

For more than information on confusingly similar trademarks, y'all can refer to subsection 6(5) of the Trademarks Act.

Trademarks that are identical to, or likely to be mistaken for, prohibited marks

Yous may not annals a trademark that is identical or similar to certain official marks unless you accept the permission from the organization that controls the mark. These official marks include:

official government designs (due east.g., the Canadian flag)
coats of arms of the Royal Family
badges and crests such as those of the Canadian Armed forces and the messages RCMP
emblems and names of the Red Cross, the Cerise Crescent, and the United Nations
armorial bearings (coats of arms), flags and symbols of other countries
symbols of provinces, municipalities and public institutions

Subject field affair that is scandalous, obscene, or immoral is too not allowed. For instance, your trademark may not include profane linguistic communication, obscene visuals or racial slurs.

You may not use portraits and signatures of living people or people who have died within the final 30 years. For case, using the photo of an existing rock grouping to promote your record store is not allowed unless y'all have their permission.

A few other things yous cannot do

You cannot annals a trademark if it consists of a institute variety denomination (when a right is granted to the possessor for control over the multiplying and selling of reproductive material for a particular plant variety) or is a mark and so almost resembling a plant multifariousness denomination that it is probable to be mistaken for it, where the application covers the plant diverseness or some other plant variety of the same species.

You cannot annals a trademark that indicates the geographical origin of a wine, spirit, or agricultural product or food unless your goods are from that geographical area. For instance, you could not register the trademark "Okanagan Valley" if the wine you are making is from Ontario.

Who can utilize for registration?

In order to be entitled to registration of a trademark, an applicant must be a "person". A "person" may be an individual, partnership, merchandise union, association, joint venture, or corporation. An applicant can include two or more persons, for example "John Doe, Jane Smith".

How long does registration concluding?

Your registration lasts for 10 years from the appointment of registration. You may renew it every 10 years subsequently that for a fee.

How much does an awarding price?

You must pay an application fee when submitting your application for the registration of a trademark.

What to consider earlier filing an application

This guide volition give you the basic data y'all need to file a trademark awarding. However, the Registrar cannot write your application for y'all, give you legal or business organization advice, or do a search of trademarks for you lot.

Search the Canadian Trademarks Database

A good commencement step is to do a search of existing trademarks to bank check whether your trademark could exist disruptive with someone else'southward. You do not have to practice this, simply it will help yous know whether similar trademarks exist. If they do, you could end upward infringing on someone's trademark, which could land yous in court.

You lot can practise a search through the Canadian Trademarks Database. The listings cover trademarks (agile and inactive), official marks and prohibited marks. Every bit soon as the Registrar receives your awarding, information technology besides becomes function of the public record.

To do a proper search, you will have to bank check for different possible versions of the trademark that you lot want to register. For a standard character trademark (word or words), yous should expect for all possible spellings, including in French. For instance, if your trademark is "Due north Pole," you lot would search for "North", "Nord", and "Pole."

To starting time your search, visit the Canadian Trademarks Database. Use our tutorial to brand the most of your search.

Search trade names

Before you lot go whatever further, y'all should likewise search trade names. Trade names are often used equally trademarks - even if they are non registered.

Example of search trade names

The name of your company is "North Pole." A company called "South Pole" has never filed for trademark registration. However, if the name "South Pole" has go known for frozen-h2o products, the company could fence that it has rights in the proper name "South Pole" every bit a merchandise name and also as a trademark.

The Registrar would not have the name "South Pole" in its trademark records because it does not register merchandise names. "Southward Pole", yet, could hands find out that yous are using "North Pole", either past doing a search of the Registrar's records or by seeing your application published in the Trademarks Journal on the website of the Canadian Intellectual Belongings Office. "South Pole" may then claiming your application during the opposition stage in the registration process.

Please notation that trade names tin can be recorded separately in each province under provincial legislation. Therefore, in that location is no single, complete list of merchandise names in Canada.

Since searching trade names can exist quite complex, we suggest that you hire a trademark agent to do the piece of work for y'all.

Consider hiring a registered trademark agent

Preparing and following through on your trademark application tin can be a complex procedure. Whoever does information technology needs a lot of knowledge about trademark police and how the Registrar's office works.

Beware of unregistered trademark agents! They are not authorized to stand for applicants in the prosecution of trademarks applications.

A trademark agent volition make sure that your awarding is properly written so that your trademark will exist protected. This is especially important if someone challenges your right to the trademark. You do not have to hire an agent merely information technology is often advisable to do so.

Once yous have an agent, the Registrar volition stand for with that person. If you abolish that organisation, the Office will then represent with yous straight. You lot may change trademark agents or choose to no longer have one at whatever time.

Consult the list of registered trademark agents should you wish to hire a registered trademark agent to handle your file.

2. Filing a trademark awarding

Preparing a trademark awarding

A complete application includes:

the name and mailing accost of the applicant
a representation or description, or both, of the trademark
a statement in specific and ordinary commercial terms of the goods and services associated with the trademark
the statement of appurtenances and services grouped according to the Nice Classification
the application fee
any other requirements specific to the type of trademark sought to be registered

Y'all must file a separate application for each trademark that you wish to annals. However, ane awarding can cover a number of goods or services for a given trademark.

Representation or description

Your awarding must include a representation or description, or both, of the trademark which conspicuously indicates what is being sought for registration.

The representation may contain more than than one view of the trademark if multiple views are necessary for the trademark to be clearly divers. In add-on, the representation must not exceed 8cmx8cm in size.

For colour trademarks or trademarks that are claiming color(south) as a feature, representations must be submitted in colour, forth with a description of the colour(s) and where they appear in the trademark.

For sound and moving image trademarks, an electronic representation and a description of the trademark is required.

For more data on the representation and description requirements for non-traditional trademarks, please refer to the Do notice on non-traditional trademarks.

Note: If you wish to keep your trademark registered, you must register your trademark the way you volition apply it. In other words, you must not change it in whatever way, including changing the colour equally y'all described it in your application.

Application fees

When y'all send united states an application to register a trademark, you must pay the awarding fee. The fee is made upwards of the base fee which includes ane class of goods or services and another fee for each boosted grade of goods or services.

You can pay past credit card (VISA, MasterCard, or American Express), direct payment, postal money gild or bank check (postal money orders and cheques must be made payable, in Canadian dollars, to the Receiver Full general for Canada). Practice not add federal and provincial taxes.

Filing your application

You may file your application and pay the fee online or you may send your finished application with your payment by mail.

Filing engagement

Once the Registrar has received your application, staff will review it to make sure information technology is complete. If anything is missing, we volition contact you to enquire for more than information. Once this process is finished, nosotros will acknowledge that we have received your application and give it a filing engagement - that is, the engagement on which your application met all the filing requirements. This filing date is important since it is the date used to assess who is entitled to registration in the instance of defoliation betwixt co-pending trademarks.

You may change your awarding in some ways afterward you accept filed it. However, not all changes are acceptable. Sure changes will mean you accept to file a new application.

The examination process

After the Office receives your awarding and grants it a filing date, we:

search the trademark database to find whatsoever registered or awaiting trademark that is disruptive with your trademark (if nosotros find one, we will inform yous)
examine the application to make certain information technology does non contravene the Trademarks Act and Regulations, raise whatsoever objection to registering your trademark and inform y'all of whatsoever outstanding requirements
publish the application in the Trademarks Journal after which the public may file an opposition (challenge) to your application
annals your trademark if no one opposes to your application (or if an opposition has been decided in your favour)

Examiners exercise a thorough search of the trademarks database to make certain that your trademark does non disharmonize with one already filed or registered.

Test

The examiner assigned to your file reviews the search results, determines if the trademark is registrable, and decides whether your application can exist approved for advertisement. The examiner will let you or your agent know of whatsoever objections, if there are whatsoever. You then accept a chance to answer. If your answers exercise not satisfy the examiner, you will get a letter of the alphabet explaining that your application has been refused and telling you why. If you receive a refusal, you take the correct to appeal to the Federal Court of Canada.

Notation: There is no special form for responding to an examiner's report unless yous are asked to send a revised application.

Pre-publication search

Before a trademark is advertised in the Trademarks Journal, the examiner performs second search (a pre-publication search) to make sure that no i has recently registered or practical for a trademark that would conflict with the ane you want to register. If there is a disharmonize, the Registrar will tell you or your agent and ask for your comments.

Publication

If the pre-publication search does not show any new confusing trademarks, we will advertise the awarding in the Trademarks Journal published on our website every Wednesday. The Journal is the official publication that lists every awarding that has been canonical for advertizement in Canada. Information technology gives data about an application, including the name and address of the bidder, the file number, the filing date, the trademark, and the associated appurtenances and services. By advertising applications, we give others a chance to object to them before they are registered.

Opposition

Whatever person tin can oppose a trademark application advertised in the Trademarks Journal . The person must file either a statement of opposition or a asking asking for more than time to oppose within two months of the advertisement. The proper fee must be sent with the argument of opposition or the request for more time. The Registrar will not allow any opposition that we consider to exist frivolous.

If your application is opposed and you lot do not already accept an agent, nosotros urge you to rent one at this point. The same is true if yous wish to oppose someone else's application. You tin can find a list of agents here.

Opposition is a complex and often long process. Opposition proceedings are adversarial in nature and similar to courtroom proceedings. Both parties may file show and written representations, cross-examine the evidence of the other party, and appear at an oral hearing. After a final conclusion is made, it may be appealed to the Federal Courtroom of Canada.

For more than information, visit the Trademarks Opposition Board (TMOB) web pages on opposition proceedings or contact us.

Registration

If there is no opposition, or if an opposition has been decided in your favour, the Registrar will annals your awarding and will not wait at whatever farther challenges. The Registrar will send you a document of registration and enter the trademark in the Register of Trademarks.

Abandonment

If y'all do not respond to an examiner's report, the Registrar may consider your awarding to be abandoned. Earlier this happens, the Registrar will notify you and give yous a chance to correct the situation inside a specific time period. If you do not answer within that time, you will have to file a new application (forth with some other fee).

Note: If you do not notify the Registrar of a change of address, the Registrar is not responsible for any correspondence that you or your amanuensis exercise not receive.

Communicating with the Office of the Registrar of Trademarks

Business with the Role of the Registrar of Trademarks is normally done in writing. All paper correspondence should be addressed to:

Function of the Registrar of Trademarks
Canadian Intellectual Belongings Part
Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
Identify du Portage I
50 Victoria Street, Room C114
Gatineau QC K1A 0C9

Fax: 819-953-CIPO (2476)

Correspondence about opposition or summary expungement (department 45 of the Trademarks Human action) must be clearly marked "Attention Opposition Board" or "Attention: Department 45 Proceedings", depending on the contents of the alphabetic character, and addressed to:

Trademarks Opposition Lath
Canadian Intellectual Property Office
Innovation, Science and Economic Evolution Canada
Place du Portage I
50 Victoria Street
Gatineau QC K1A 0C9

Fax: 819-953-CIPO (2476)

For more than information, please consult CIPO's correspondence procedures.

If you are asking about the status of your application and it has not yet been given to an examiner, you should contact the Customer Service Eye. If your awarding has been given to an examiner, please utilize the contact number on the report sent to you past that examiner.

The Registrar will reply to all questions, but cannot:

search the Canadian Trademarks Database for y'all
submit documents for registering transfers of ownership
give you legal advice, other than telling you lot about the Trademarks Deed, the Trademarks Regulations, and other information that you can get on our website

To find out the status of agile opposition or summary expungement files, please meet the Canadian Trademarks Database.

Electronic services

You tin use our electronic services to:

file a trademark application
file an amended trademark application
grouping the appurtenances and services of a registration co-ordinate to the classes of the Nice Nomenclature organization
renew a trademark registration
request copies of trademark documents

Y'all can apply the TMOB'south online web application to:

Opposition proceedings

file a statement of opposition
file a counter statement
submit the opponent'southward testify, or statement
submit the applicant'south bear witness, or statement
submit the opponent's answer bear witness
submit the opponent's written representations, or statement
submit the bidder'southward written representations, or statement
asking a hearing
request an extension of time

Section 45 proceedings

request a section 45 find
submit the registered possessor's prove, or statement
submit the requesting party's written representations, or statement
submit the registered owner's written representations, or argument
request a hearing
request an extension of time

3. Registering a trademark exterior Canada

Registering your trademark with the Registrar protects your rights in Canada only. If yous wish to market appurtenances or services in other countries, yous should think about getting trademark registration(s) at that place every bit well. For more information, please refer to the International Trademarks under the Madrid Protocol or contact a trademark agent.

four. Expungement of a trademark registration

When someone registers a trademark, they gain a very valuable right. However, they tin can lose that right (expungement, or removal, from the Register of Trademarks) unless they carry out specific responsibilities. A trademark registration can be expunged for several reasons, including: the trademark losing its distinctiveness, abandonment of the trademark, and non-use of the trademark.

Delight contact CIPO's Client Service Centre if you demand more information.

v. Renewal fee

To maintain your trademark registration, you are required to pay a renewal fee every 10 years. If you do not, your trademark volition be expunged from the Register of Trademarks. The Registrar will ship you a observe with information about your payment borderline.

half dozen. Apply in Canada (section 45 proceedings)

Another of your responsibilities as the owner of a trademark is to use the trademark in Canada. If you do non use it, the registration could exist expunged from the Annals of Trademarks by the Registrar. The Registrar could commencement summary expungement proceedings, subsequently iii years beginning on the twenty-four hours on which a trademark is registered, either on their ain at any time during the life of the registration, or if another party pays the proper fee and asks them to.

The procedure begins when the Registrar sends a notice to the registered possessor asking them to provide testify showing that the trademark has been used in Canada during the last three years or to prove that there are special circumstances that excuse the fact that the trademark has not been used. If the possessor fails to reply to the Registrar, the trademark is liable to be expunged from the Register of Trademarks.

Once the Registrar has received the requested evidence, the possessor and the other political party tin send in written arguments and besides appear at an oral hearing. After the Registrar has fabricated a last determination to expunge, better or maintain the registration, the owner or other party can appeal to the Federal Court of Canada.

The process nosotros have outlined hither is circuitous. Nosotros recommend that you employ a registered trademarks amanuensis to assistance yous through it.

For more information, visit our spider web page on section 45 proceedings or contact united states of america.

7. Transfers

A trademark is a form of property. You can sell, bequeath or transfer your rights to someone else through an assignment. To avoid ownership disagreements, y'all should formally tell the Registrar nearly changes in ownership.

Y'all should likewise tell the Registrar most anything else that affects the ownership a trademark, such as a alter of proper name or a concern merger.

8. Marking requirements

There is no legal requirement to mark your trademark with any particular symbol. Even so, many owners use the following symbols to testify that their trademark is registered:

R (registered)
TM (trademark)
SM (service mark)
MC (marque de commerce)

nine. Policing your trademark

It is upwards to you to make sure nobody is using your trademark without your permission and to have activity if someone does. You may wish to take action if you lot come up beyond a trademark or a trade proper noun that could be confused with your registered trademark, equally you do not want anyone imitating your trademark.

At that place is a good reason for this, beyond but the faux. If your business organisation is successful and someone imitates your trademark, it may be in danger of becoming a generic term. For example, if consumers start saying "N Pole" when they mean any ice foam, in the same style that the trademark "zipper" is now what nearly anybody says when they mean "slide fastener", the rights in your trademark may no longer be enforceable.

10. Common errors

Earlier you file your trademark application, have some time to get through the following checklist. The fewer errors you make, the more quickly your awarding will go through.

Fee

Think that each application must be accompanied by an application fee (not-refundable).

Note: You lot tin pay past credit menu (VISA, MasterCard, or American Express), straight payment, postal money order or cheque (the postal coin order or cheque must exist made payable, in Canadian dollars, to the Receiver General for Canada). Do not add federal and provincial taxes.

Appurtenances or services

You may not use a trademark registered past someone else to describe your goods or services. Many registered trademarks have become part of everyday language, simply you lot cannot use them to describe your appurtenances or services. A few examples are "yo-yo," "chimera wrap," and "kleenex".

Make certain that yous include all the goods or services with which yous plan to use, or have used, your trademark, and that they are grouped according to the classes of the Nice Classification. Yous may not expand the telescopic of goods or services after y'all have filed the application.

The Trademarks Act states that the description of the appurtenances or services you lot are applying for must be in specific and ordinary commercial terms. In other words, your application should apply mutual names for the appurtenances and services and use wording that is equally complete and equally specific as possible (e.g., shirts, staff of life, sofas, etc.). To help you with this, the Goods and Services Transmission list acceptable wording for many goods and services. It likewise gives guidelines for how to place goods and services not listed.

11. Example of a trademark application

To the Registrar of Trademarks, Gatineau, Canada.

The applicant, DEF Inc., whose full mail service office address of its main function or identify of concern is 456 Number Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, D4E 5F6, applies for the registration of the trademark identified beneath.

The trademark is a design, the representation of which is shown below:

Representation of a trademark design

Argument of goods and services

Grade 25

Blouses, sweaters, pants, skirts, socks, underwear and pyjamas.

Course 35

Operation of an online retail habiliment store; operation of an online retail jewellery store.

Additional Information

Websites of interest

The post-obit are a few websites you may find helpful.

General involvement

General interest

Innovation, Scientific discipline and Economic Development Canada

The Canadian Intellectual Property Function, which includes the Trademarks Office, is a special operating agency of Innovation, Scientific discipline and Economic Development Canada.

Corporations Canada

Helps Canadians incorporate, maintain and operate businesses, not-for-profit corporations, and other corporate entities.

Canada Business Network

This is a unmarried access betoken for federal and provincial/territorial government services, programs and regulatory requirements for businesses.

Constitute Breeders' Rights Part (Canadian Nutrient Inspection Bureau)

This part oversees the Establish Breeders' Rights Act and Plant Breeders' Rights Regulations, which protect the legal right of plant breeders for their new plant varieties.

Intellectual belongings

Intellectual property

Canadian Trademarks Database

This is a searchable database of all active and inactive trademark applications and registrations in Canada. It also shows the status of all active opposition and summary expungement (section 45) cases.

Trademarks Opposition Board

Oversees and provides data about trademark opposition and summary expungement proceedings (section 45 proceedings) in Canada.

WIPO Intellectual Property Digital Library

Provides admission to intellectual belongings information collections hosted by the Globe Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

United States Patent and Trademark Office—English content but

Processes patent and trademark applications and provides information, resources and services for trademarks and their registration in the The states of America.

Related acts and case law

Related acts and instance law

Precious Metals Mark Act

Sets out the rules for using quality marks for precious metals. This helps preclude the registration of trademarks that may be misread as quality marks.

Bank Act

Regulates Canada'southward chartered banks, and restricts the use of the term "cyberbanking services" in order to prevent unauthorized use of this term.

Canada Post Corporation Act

Regulates mail service in Canada and prohibits unauthorized use of words such equally "mail service", "alphabetic character", and "post" and the unauthorized auction of postage stamp stamps.

Federal Court of Canada

Provides a searchable database of all decisions made by the judges of the Federal Courtroom and the Federal Court of Entreatment.

Supreme Court of Canada

Provides a searchable database of all decisions made past the Supreme Court of Canada.

Source: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/h_wr02360.html

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